In patients with Addison’s disease, what changes might be observed in electrolyte levels?

In Addison’s disease, which is characterized by adrenal insufficiency due to inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone, specific electrolyte imbalances are commonly observed. The correct answer, indicating hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, aligns with these physiological changes.

Cortisol plays a crucial role in the regulation of various metabolic and physiological processes, including the maintenance of blood pressure and the balance of electrolytes. When cortisol levels are low, as in Addison's disease, the kidneys’ ability to excrete potassium is impaired, leading to the accumulation of potassium in the bloodstream, a condition known as hyperkalemia.

Simultaneously, the deficiency in aldosterone, which is responsible for promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys, results in sodium loss. This sodium loss contributes to a decrease in serum sodium levels, causing hyponatremia. The combined effect of these hormonal deficiencies leads to the characteristic electrolyte profile seen in Addison's disease.

These physiological changes help clarify why the statement regarding hyponatremia and hyperkalemia is correct, as they directly reflect the underlying pathophysiology associated with adrenal insufficiency.