What does the term 'hyperparathyroidism' refer to?

The term 'hyperparathyroidism' specifically refers to an excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is secreted by the parathyroid glands. This overproduction of PTH leads to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. The parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by promoting the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium through its influence on vitamin D metabolism.

In hyperparathyroidism, the increased PTH levels disrupt the balance of calcium in the body, leading to symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues among others. This distinction is significant in the practice of endocrinology, as treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause of hyperparathyroidism—whether it is due to a benign tumor (adenoma) on the parathyroid gland or other factors.

Understanding this condition is vital for differentiating it from other hormonal disorders, as the effects and management strategies differ significantly based on the specific hormone involved and the resulting physiological changes in the body.