What hormonal imbalance is commonly associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by elevated levels of androgens, which are male hormones that are also present in females but usually in lower amounts. In individuals with PCOS, the ovaries produce an excessive amount of androgens, such as testosterone, which can lead to various symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and scalp hair thinning.

The aberrant production of androgens contributes to the hormonal imbalance seen in PCOS. This hormonal environment disrupts normal ovarian function, leading to the development of cysts in the ovaries, hence the name "polycystic." Furthermore, the elevated androgen levels can also interfere with insulin sensitivity, often resulting in insulin resistance, which is why many with PCOS also experience metabolic challenges. However, the defining hormonal feature of PCOS remains the high levels of androgens.